Modern seismic techniques

1. Seismic theory

• Introduction. History of seismic methods. Physical and geological seismic bases. Forward and inverse problems of seismic
• Stages of seismic exploration. Refraction seismic. Reflection seismic. CMP. Basic formulas and assumptions
• Review of data acquisition, processing and interpretation

2. Data qc. Design of processing flow

• The wave field: main components. Signal and noise components. Coherent and incoherent noise. Evaluation of the quality of field data
• Spectral transformations and representations of data in different spaces
• Filter Design. Selecting deconvolution operator. The basic methods of signal processing

3. Structural data interpretation

• Review: stages of interpretation
• Well-seismic tie & its quality
• Horizon correlation, tracing faults. Seismic attributes for fault analysis
• Overview of velocity models for depth conversion. Structural maps

4. Rock physics

• Isotropic and anisotropic media. Hooke's law, the wave equation. Moduli of elasticity. Effective media and models of boundaries. Gassmann equation and fluid substitution. Overview of rock physics models, their purpose and use. Fundamentals of quantitative interpretation of seismic data
• Analysis and modeling of elastic properties from well data (Hampson-Russell)

5. Dynamic data interpretation

• Seismic attributes. Attributes for structural interpretation, attributes for qualitative interpretation, spectral decomposition. Theoretical basis of AVO techniques. Shuey approximation. Forward problem. Modeling AVO responses. Inverse AVO problem. Calculating AVO attributes from seismic data. Interpretation of AVO attributes. AVO attributes and their relation to rock physics models
• AVO modeling. Calculation and Interpretation of AVO attributes. (Hampson-Russell)

6.Seismic Inversion

• The theory of forward and inverse dynamic seismic problems. Classification of seismic inversion algorithms. Petrophysical basis of seismic inversion. Preparation of seismic well-logging data for seismic inversion
• Well-seismic tie. Retrieving the seismic pulse. Construction of low-frequency (a priori) model. Seismic inversion before and after stack
• Petrophysical basis of seismic inversion. Implementation of seismic inversion before and after stack (Hampson-Russell)

7. Seismic survey design

• Surveying systems. 2D, 3D, 4D. Types of surveying systems. Azimuthal and offset characteristics of the surveying systems. Evaluation of the local parameters. Basic survey design flow. The sequence of parameters calculation. Data needed for survey design. Evaluation of the possibility of solving geological problems. Comparison of different surveys. Modeling in the design. Types of marine surveys. Features of the sea. Surveying with towed streamer. Surveying with the OBC. Surveying in transition zones. Oscillation sources and receivers in a marine seismic survey. Data quality control
• Design of 3D seismic surveys. land, marine (OBC), marine (towed streamer) designs
• Obstacles and exclusive zones

8. Seismic data processing

• Features of land seismic data. Geometry. SPS-files. Static corrections. Compensation of spherical divergence. Filtration. Deconvolution. Velocity analysis. Stacking. Migration
• Features of marine seismic data. File formats, geometry description. SEG P1 and SPS. Stacking near-offsets. Evaluation of the pulse form. Signature deconvolution. Methods for the suppression of multiple waves

9. Pitfalls in processing in interpretation

• Requirements to input data for depth processing. Loading the input data. Floating datum. Accounting for long-period statics in the velocity-depth model
• Velocity model. Depth Migration

10. Velocity model building

• Features of seismic data processing
• Problems of seismic data processing

11. Final test